The End of Light Bulbs

An accidental discovery at Vanderbilt University may well be the key to making light-emitting diodes the dominant lighting technology of the century. Up until very recently, the only way to make “white” light was to add yellow phosphors to bright blue LEDs. It wasn’t quite right, though, as even the best “white” LED retained a blue tint. This week, we got the news that a chemistry grad student at Vanderbilt has stumbled on a way to make broad-spectrum white LEDs using quantum dots—and in doing so, he may well have kicked off a revolution.

Michael Bowers was making quantum dots, tiny nanocrystals just a few dozen atoms across. Crystals at that scale often have unusual properties, and the ones that Bowers created were no exception. When he illuminated his batch with a laser, rather than the blue glow he expected, out came a rich white light, similar in spectrum to sunlight.

Vanderbilt via WorldChanging

MIT explains why bad habits are hard to break

Habitual activity?smoking, eating fatty foods, gambling?changes neural activity patterns in a specific region of the brain when habits are formed. These neural patterns created by habit can be changed or altered. But when a stimulus from the old days returns, the dormant pattern can reassert itself, according to a new study from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, putting an individual in a neural state akin to being on autopilot.

Your DNA Is a Song: Scientists Use Music to Code Proteins

What are proteins? How are they structured? What’s the difference between a protein in a human and the same protein in a lizard? Ask Mary Anne Clark these questions and she is likely to respond with an earful of music.

Clark is a biologist at Texas Wesleyan University in Fort Worth, and she’s part of a growing field of science educators who use so-called protein music to help illustrate the basic structure of the building blocks of life.

All living things are made up of proteins. Each protein is a string of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids, and each protein can consist of dozens to thousands of them.

Scientists write down these amino acid sequences as series of text letters. Clark and her colleagues assign musical notes to the different values of the amino acids in each sequence. The result is music in the form of “protein songs.”

National Geo

Turning babies into buyers

The Guardian has a fascinating and slightly depressing article about the multi-million-pound industry intent on turning teenagers and toddlers into passionate consumers.

A British child is familiar with up to 400 brand names by the time they reach the age of 10. Researchers report that kids are more likely to recognise Ronald McDonald and the Nike swoosh than Jesus. One study found that 69% of all three-year-olds could identify the McDonald’s golden arches – while half of all four-year-olds did not know their own name.

Researchers have found that children barely able to speak will still communicate a preference for certain brands, associating them with fun. One mother of an obese five-year old told Ofcom’s research team that her kids wouldn’t eat “normal shop spaghetti”, but tucked in once they saw Bob the Builder on the tin.

After having listed a series of possible strategies to counter the trend, the article quotes Greg Rowland, “kids will stop wanting Nike trainers only when they have another way to prove their own worth, another way to show they are valued. In other words, when society itself is changed. It raises a tricky question. Can we really protect children from consumerism run wild without changing the way the rest of us live? Is this a problem of the young – or a problem for all of us?”

Guardian UK

Nanocar takes a test drive

The world’s smallest toy cars have been set rolling.

They measure just 3 by 4 nanometres: a million of them parked bumper to tail would cover the length of a flea. And they are stripped down to the absolute basics: just a chassis and two axles with wheels at either end.

But they move. Using a powerful microscope, James Tour and his coworkers at Rice University in Houston, Texas, have watched their ‘nanocars’ trundle over a layer of gold.

The axles and chassis are made primarily of carbon atoms linked into rigid rods that form an H shape. At each axle tip, the researchers attached a ball-like wheel made from the football-shaped carbon molecule C60.

The key question was whether these diminutive vehicles truly roll over a surface, or just skitter about because of their thermal energy, as many molecules do.

nanocar.jpg

Nature

Secret Code in Color Printers Lets Government Track You

San Francisco – A research team led by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) recently broke the code behind tiny tracking dots that some color laser printers secretly hide in every document.

The U.S. Secret Service admitted that the tracking information is part of a deal struck with selected color laser printer manufacturers, ostensibly to identify counterfeiters. However, the nature of the private information encoded in each document was not previously known.

Electronic Frontier Foundation

Why can’t the left face the stolen elections of 2004 and 2008?

If some of its key publications are any indicator, much of the American left seems unable to face the reality that the election of 2004 was stolen. So in all likelihood, unless something radical is done, 2008 will be too.

Misguided and misinformed articles in both TomPaine.com and Mother Jones Magazine indicate a dangerous inability to face the reality that these stolen elections mean nothing less than the death of what’s left of American democracy, and the permanent enthronement of the Rovian GOP.

Common Dreams

The Ethic of Open Business

Open Business describes a particular way of doing business online, which includes giving away or making available some degree of content or services for free. The business value of these models lies in producing revenues through associated services or in an adding value to the free product or service.

But if a crucial characteristic of Open Business is to give some, if not all, of your content away for free (as in free beer), then what kind of business is that? The first step to understanding how Open Business can be successful is to comprehend the type of entrepreneur who pursues such a strategy. The cynics might ask if he is independently wealthy and does not need to be as exploitative as other businessmen, whether he sees his business as a mere hobby, or if he is simply not interested in making money.

Morphology database going global

Morphbank is an open web repository of images serving the biological research community. It is currently being used to document specimens in natural history collections, to voucher DNA sequence data, and to share research results in disciplines such as taxonomy, morphometrics, comparative anatomy, and phylogenetics. With a $2.25 million NSF grant, Fredrik Ronquist and his team at Florida State University hope to eventually have a database accessible by everyone from kindergarteners to researchers with user friendly features such as image recognition to identify the species of an organism from a user-uploaded photograph.

From BioNews via Future Feeder

Rx: Marijuana For Your Brain, Alcohol For Your Heart?

Two papers coincidentally announced on the same day raise interesting questions about some of society’s favorite drugs. The first paper suggests that alcohol acts as a blood thinner, thus showing the mechanism behind the well-established ability of moderate alcohol consumption to lower rates of heart disease. The other paper suggests that cannabinoids can actually cause the growth of new brain cells and reduce anxiety and depression.

Kenneth Mukamal et al report in the October issue of Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research on some new results from the long-running Framingham Offspring Study. They found that moderate alcohol consumption makes platelets less sticky in both men and women. It all also inhibits platelet activation in men and probably in women. The platelets are then less likely to form blood clots in arteries. But don’t put your party hat on yet. “Moderate” means three to six drinks per week, and the blood thinning effect also leads to increased rates of bleeding strokes. In the Eurekalert news release Mukamal is quoted as saying the results “should not be used by people as any reason to begin drinking.”

CHIMPS CHAT AS THEY EAT

CHIMPANZEES talk to each other when they feed, a study has found.

Scientists discovered their grunts change for different types of food – with a higher pitch for highly-valued treats like bread and low calls for less esteemed fare like apples.

It is the first time researchers have established that speech exists between apes. Previously it was thought they only used gestures to communicate.

The ground-breaking study was conducted on Edinburgh Zoo chimps by primate experts from the University of St Andrews.

Mirror UK

The Electric Earth

The Earth is an electrified body, moving in a plasma. We who stand on its surface are seldom aware of its electrical properties. That’s because we live in balance with the Earth’s electric field. Similarly, a bird on an electric wire has no idea that high-energy currents of electricity are flowing beneath her feet. But she might notice the hums and crackles that are side effects of that current.

Like the high-tension wire, our Earth produces hums and crackles as it responds to surges of power in the electric currents of space. Perhaps the most obvious sparks are the auroras.

The complex patterns of electric currents and magnetic fields surrounding the Earth are how the Earth’s electric charge adjusts to the Sun’s electric field. These electrical phenomena were a complete surprise, discovered by satellites launched by astronomers who expected to find the Earth isolated from the rest of the universe by featureless vacuum. Instead, they found the near-Earth environs alive with energetic activity.

ThunderBolts via Daily Grail

Milky Way’s central black hole actually helps stars form.

Black holes are best known for ripping stars apart, but new observations of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way show that it?s actually helping stars form.

Until now, scientists had disagreed about the origin of a collection of massive stars orbiting less than a light-year from our galaxy?s central black hole, which scientists call Sagittarius A*. The stars were first seen by infrared telescopes.

The new finding, based on observations from the Chandra X-ray Observatory, confirms the theory that black holes can help form massive stars and gives more support to the idea that black holes play a big role in galaxy formation.

MSNBC

Wetness-defying water?

(This is a follow up to a story we posted over a year ago.)

Now you can extend that truism about oil and water to water and itself. Water and water don’t always mix, either.

The textbooks say that water readily comes together with other water, open arms of hydrogen clasping oxygen attached to other OH molecules. This is the very definition of ?wetness.? But scientists at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory have observed a first: a single layer of water?ice grown on a platinum wafer?that gives the cold shoulder to subsequent layers of ice that come into contact with it.

?Water-surface interactions are ubiquitous in nature and play an important role in many technological applications such as catalysis and corrosion,? said Greg Kimmel, staff scientist at the Department of Energy lab and lead author of a paper to appear Oct. 15 in the advance online edition of Physical Review Letters. ?It was assumed that one end of the water molecule would bind to metal, and at the other end would be these nice hydrogen attachment points for the atoms in next layer of water.?

A theory out of Cambridge University last year suggested that these attachment points, or ?dangling OH’s,? did not exist, that instead of dangling, the OH’s were drawn by the geometry of hexagonal noble-metal surfaces and clung to that.

RedNova

Ancient anthropoid origins discovered in Africa

The fossil teeth and jawbones of two new species of tiny monkey-like creatures that lived 37 million years ago have been sifted from ancient sediments in the Egyptian desert, researchers have reported.

They said their findings firmly establish that the common ancestor of living anthropoids—including monkeys, apes and humans—arose in Africa and that the group had already begun branching into many species by that time. Also, they said, one of the creatures appears to have been nocturnal, the first example of a nocturnal early anthropoid.

RedNova